(Geologic) Mapping with planetary mission data
Angelo Pio Rossi
Earthgraph GmbH - Bremen (Germany)

Background: NASA / MRO / CTX / CRISM / USGS

### What is this talk about? * Planetary geoscience exploration & its data * How data (and tools) evolved * (Geologic) Mapping state-of-the-art * GMAP and its services
#### Why this talk? To: * Serve as an entry point narrative * Point to further/deeper information
#### How to use it? You can: * Listen to this now, and/or * Go through it and explore links (some are very useful) within, at your pace * If your browser does not behave, try Chrome/Firefox.

Planetary mapping: Meanings

  • Imaging a planetary surface
  • Geospatial Mapping, producing image models, basemaps
  • Thematic / Geologic mapping, i.e. classification
See also: Hare et al. (2018), this repo, and Pozzobon (2023), Pozzobon (2022), Skinner et al., (2019), Skinner et al. (2022), Naß et al. (2021)

Timeline of exploration

Source: Emily Lakdawalla / Planetary Society

Source: Emily Lakdawalla / Planetary Society

Planetary exploration platforms

Source: van Gasselt et al. (2018)

Remote sensing

Source: van Gasselt et al. (2018)

From images to maps

Source: Hare et al. (2018).

Through ancillary data

Source: Hare et al. (2018). See also NASA/JPL/NAIF.

PDS (Planetary Data system)

Source: NASA PDS. See also PDS Data Workshops, ESA PSA, PSA Data Workshops.

Dataset evolution - volume

It turns out it is not so easy to get those values. This is ~extracted from McClanahan (2020)

EOSDIS Dataset evolution - volume

Data from 2023 NASA EOSDIS metrics. EU Copernicus probably similar.

Mapping data evolution - proxies?

No claim of accuracy. Just a query on "GIS" (i.e. digital mapping) 1990-present on ADS). For more insight see van Gasselt (2015).

Not quite a proxy, but relevant

See Zellner et al. (2021). See also Some metrics mentioned at LPSC XXX.

Data evolution: Mars (1962)

Source: Mars 1962 US Air Force map

Data evolution: Mars (1969)

Source: Mars 1969 NASA Mariner 6 far encounter. See also Collins (1971)

Data evolution: Mars (1969)

Source: Mars 1969 NASA Mariner 7 far encounter. See also Collins (1971)

Data evolution: Mars (1971)

Source: Mars 1971 NASA Mariner 9 mosaic

Data evolution: Mars (1975)

Source: Mars 1975 NASA Viking orbiter mosaic / USGS

Data evolution: Mars (2000)

Source: Mars 2000 NASA MGS MOC WAC mosaic / MSSS

Data evolution: Mars (2023)

Source: Mars 2023 ESA MEX HRSC mosaic / DLR / FU Berlin / G. Michael, et al.

Dataset evolution - resolution datasets

Source: D. Reiss.

Level0+ processing

Source: NASA MRO CTX. See also this gist.

Processing nomenclature

Source: NASA/USGS. In Rossi and van Gasselt (2018)

Basemaps and their evolution

Source: Hare et al. (2018).

How was it 25y ago?

Data-wise:

How was it 25y ago?

Processing-wise:

  • Isis was already there! Albeit version 2...
  • See e.g. on web archive
  • There was no Python... At most IDL, or Perl.
  • Ok, there was.. Fortran, C, et al.

Note: There is also some vintage software.

How was it 25y ago?

Mapping-wise (technically):

How was it 25y ago?

Community support-wise:

Science readiness vs. hands-in-dirt

Source: NASA PDS, Morgan and Banks (2018).

Science-ready datasets

Science-ready datasets are increasingly available, e.g.:

  • USGS STAC: see OpenPlanetary forum for links
  • ESA GSF
  • ASU Quickmap

    • Why do we do all this?

    • Imaging/Mapping: To discover/document
    • Geospatial mapping: To know how to get (safely) there
    • Geologic (in broad sense) mapping: To know why, where to go

    (it is somewhat iterative...)

    Background: Galileo (1610)

    Informed choice of sites

    Informed choice of sites

    Source:Modified from Grant et al. (2014)

    Informed choice of sites, context, samples

    Grant et al. (2014), Rossi and van Gasselt (2018), after McLennan et al. (2012).

    Importance of geologic mapping

    Planetary counterparts to:
    • Science investigation
    • Resources evaluation, exploitation and management
    • Risk assessment, land use, infrastructures
    • Environmental protection

    Source: NHM.

    Geology and planetary exploration

    Geology and planetary exploration

    Source: Pondrelli et al. (2018)

    Geology and planetary exploration

    Source: ESA Pangaea-X 2018

    Planetary exploration platforms

    Source: van Gasselt et al. (2018)

    Geology, geophysics, in situ

    Geology, geophysics

    Source: van Gasselt et al. (2018)

    In situ (laboratories)

    Source: van Gasselt et al. (2018)

    Ground truth, sample return

    Ground truth

    Source: van Gasselt et al. (2018)

    Ground truth: Context

    Source: van Gasselt et al. (2018)

    Ground truth: Constraints

    Source: van Gasselt et al. (2018)

    Ground truth: Small bodies

    Source: van Gasselt et al. (2018)

    Ground truth: Ocean worlds

    Source: van Gasselt et al. (2018)

    Sample return

    Source: NASA/Mars2020, JAXA/Hayabusa2

    The role of contextual data

    Grant et al. (2014), Rossi and van Gasselt (2018), after McLennan et al. (2012).

    Exploration, mobility, and mapping

    Exploration, mobility, and mapping

    Source: Pondrelli et al. (2018)

    Exploration, mobility, and mapping

    Source: van Gasselt et al. (2018)

    USGS geologic mapping

    USGS geologic mapping program

    • Pioneering planetary geologic mapping
    • Supporting NASA
    • Supporting the global planetary geology community
    • See also USGS Astrogeology

    See also: Williams et al. (2016a), Williams et al. (2016b)

    Europlanet GMAP

    Europlanet GMAP

    See also: https://www.planetarymapping.eu

    GMAP services and tools

    GMAP services and tools

    GMAP community mapping projects

    See also: https://aprossi.eu/content/gmap

    How to get started?

    Winter Schools: Full access

    All materials from GMAP Winter schools, workshops are available

    Useful references

    • Snyder, J. P. (1987) Map Projections: A Working Manual, USGS Professional Paper n. 1395, 385 pp. - https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1395
    • Nass, A. et al (2017) PLANETARY CARTOGRAPHY AND MAPPING: WHERE WE ARE TODAY, AND WHERE WE ARE HEADING FOR? The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-3/W1, 2017, 2017 International Symposium on Planetary Remote Sensing and Mapping doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-3-W1-105-201.
    • Hargitai, H (eds., 2019) Planetary Cartography and GIS. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62849-3.
    • Hargitai, H.., Nass, A. (2019) Planetary Mapping: A Historical Overview. In book: Planetary Cartography and GIS. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography. (pp.27-64).
    • Rossi, A.P., van Gasselt, S. (eds., 2018) Planetary Geology. Springer International Publishing AG, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65179-8.
    • Greeley, R., Bender, K., Pappalardo, R. (eds.) Planetary Geology: A Teacher's Guide with Activities in Physical and Earth Sciences. EG-1998-03-109-HQ - https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/58263main_Planetary.Geology.pdf
    • Skinner, J.A. Jr., Huff, A.E., Fortezzo, C.M., Gaither, T., Hare, T.M., Hunter, M.A., Buban, H., 2019, Planetary geologic mapping-program status and future needs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019-1012, 40 p., doi:10.3133/ofr2019101 - https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1012/ofr20191012.pdf
    • Skinner, J.A., Jr., Huff, A.E., Black, S.R., Buban, H.C., Fortezzo, C.M., Gaither, T.A., Hare, T.M., and Hunter, M.A., 2022, Planetary geologic mapping protocol—2022: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 11–B13, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm11B13.
    • Greeley, R., Batson (1990) Planetary Mapping. Cambridge Planetary Science

    Awesome Planetary Geology (list)

    https://github.com/europlanet-gmap/awesome-planetary-geology

    Related materials

    Finally, with some relevance to mapping, feel free to use:

    Questions

    (Feel free do drop me
    an email, or DM)

    Background: ESA/MEX/HRSC/DLR/FU Berlin